[[https://www.ijs.si/ijsw/ARRSProjekti/2026|Nazaj na seznam za leto 2026]]

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= Avtomatizirano načrtovanje in upravljanje lokalnih energetskih skupnosti  =

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=== Oznaka in naziv projekta ===
L2-70116 Avtomatizirano načrtovanje in upravljanje lokalnih energetskih skupnosti <<BR>>
L2-70116 Automated planning and management of local energy communities   <<BR>>

=== Logotipi ARRS in drugih sofinancerjev ===
[[attachment:ARISLogoSlo.jpg]]
[[attachment:INEAlogo.png]]
[[attachment:EXORETIlogo.jpeg]]

=== Projektna skupina ===
Vodja projekta: Gregor Dolanc 

'''Sodelujoče raziskovalne organizacije: '''[[https://cris.cobiss.net/ecris/si/sl/project/24428|Povezava na SICRIS]]

Institut "Jožef Stefan" <<BR>>
INEA d.o.o. <<BR>>
EXOR-ETI d.o.o. <<BR>>

'''Sestava projektne skupine: '''[[https://cris.cobiss.net/ecris/si/sl/project/24428|Povezava na SICRIS]]

=== Vsebinski opis projekta ===

Predlagani projekt je usmerjen na področje lokalnih energetskih skupnosti, točneje v metode za avtomatizirano in digitalizirano podporo načrtovanja in obratovanja lokalnih energetskih skupnosti.
Evropski zeleni dogovor, zakonodajni okvir Čista energija za vse Evropejce in Celovit nacionalni energetski in podnebni načrt Republike Slovenije (NEPN) nas usmerjajo v racionalizacijo porabe energije, zmanjšanje porabe fosilnih ogljiko-vodikovih goriv in prehod na uporabo obnovljivih virov energije. Obnovljivi viri energije (fotovoltaika, veter, vodna energija) so učinkovit način za spopadanje z naraščajočo globalno porabo energije, podnebnimi spremembami in onesnaževanjem zraka. Vendar pa so obnovljivi viri odvisni od letnega časa ter vremena in posledično povzročajo operaterjem elektroenergetskih sistemov dodatne izzive pri usklajevanju proizvodnje in porabe električne energije (uravnoteženje elektroenergetskega sistema). Eden od načinov za spopadanje s tem izzivom je uvajanje t.i. lokalnih energetskih skupnosti (LES), katerih glavni cilj je vzajemno sprotno usklajevanje proizvodnje in porabe električne energije znotraj skupnosti ter sodelovanje energetske skupnosti pri uravnoteženju elektro-energetskega sistema in trga.
Predlagani projekt se umešča na presek področij zelenega prehoda in digitalizacije. To izhaja iz dejstva, da lokalne energetske skupnosti podpirajo uporabo zelenih obnovljivih virov energije, za njihovo učinkovito delovanje pa so potrebne metode s področja digitalizacije.
Lokalne energetske skupnosti so sestavljene iz množice članov, ki so lahko porabniki električne energije (npr. stanovanjski, poslovni, industrijski objekti), proizvajalci električne energije (lokalni obnovljivi viri energije), kombinacije porabnikov in proizvajalcev (npr. stanovanjski ali poslovni objekti z lokalnimi obnovljivimi viri električne energije) ter člani s hranilnimi kapacitetami, ki lahko električno energijo shranjujejo v hranilnikih na osnovi baterij ali vodikovih tehnologij, lahko pa tudi v obliki toplote (npr. objekti s toplotnimi črpalkami in zalogovniki toplote) ali v obliki hladu (npr. hladilnice ali trgovski centri s hladilnimi omarami).

Interes članov za sodelovanje v skupnosti izhaja iz potrebe po ekonomsko sprejemljivi in stabilni preskrbi z električno energijo ali iz želje po prodaji proizvede električne energije ali prodaje storitev, kot je hramba energije, nudenje fleksibilnosti porabe ali dobave električne energije.
Lokalne energetske skupnosti delujejo po principu trgovanja z električno energijo med člani po vnaprej določenih pravilih. Osnovni princip je, da se trenutni viški električne energije članov, ki energijo proizvajajo, uporabijo za pokritje potreb članov, ki se trenutno soočajo s primanjkljajem električne energije.

Lokalne energetske skupnosti imajo dve ključni funkciji: 1. ustvariti pogoje za cenovno ugodno in stroškovno učinkovito ter zanesljivo vzajemno preskrbo članov z električno energijo in 2. prispevati k uravnoteženju celotnega elektro-energetskega sistema in trga. Funkcija pod točko 2 energetska skupnost izpolnjuje tako, da odjema energijo iz omrežja v času viškov in nižjih cen, energijo pa v omrežje dovaja v času primanjkljajev energije in posledično višjih odkupnih cen. Implementacija tega načina delovanja lahko poteka v okviru obstoječih mehanizmov (trg znotraj dneva in trg za en dan vnaprej), v okviru sistemskih storitev in v bodočnosti preko novih mehanizmov, ki jih bo šele treba razviti posebej za integracijo energetskih skupnosti z elektro-energetskim sistemom in trgom.
Za optimalno delovanje lokalnih energetskih skupnosti morata biti izpolnjena dva ključna pogoja: 
1.	Lokalna energetska skupnost mora imeti ustrezno sestavo, ki vsebuje nabor medsebojno komplementarnih članov, med katerimi je možno sprotno uravnavanje proizvodnje in porabo električne energije. Sestava mora biti izbrana že v fazi načrtovanje energetske skupnosti. Če je sestava energetske skupnosti neustrezna, potem učinkovito delovanje in uravnavanje proizvodnje in porabe energije ni možno oziroma ni optimalno.
2.	Lokalna energetska skupnost mora imeti sistem vodenja oziroma koordinacije. Tipično gre za centralne sisteme za vodenje, cilj vodenja je vzpostavitev energetskih tokov med člani na način, da ima vsak član zagotovljeno stabilno in ekonomsko ugodno preskrbo z električno energijo ter da je proizvodnja in porabe električne energije znotraj skupnosti vedno izravnana. Sistem za vodenje mora torej zagotavljati učinkovito koordinacijo med člani. 
3.	Tema predlaganega raziskovalnega projekta sledi gornjima dvema izzivoma in je usmerjena na metodologijo za avtomatizirana za načrtovanje in obratovanje lokalnih energetskih skupnosti. 
Načrtovanje sestave lokalne energetske skupnosti lahko v primeru večjega števila raznolikih članov postane kompleksna naloga, ki je ni mogoče rešiti s preprostimi kalkulacijami energijskih bilanc. Izziv izhaja iz raznolikih časovnih odvisnosti proizvodnje in porabe električne energije posameznih članov ter iz dinamičnega načina obračuna omrežnine, kar vodi v dinamični optimizacijski problem. Za rešitev takega problema je potrebno ustrezna metodologija in programsko orodje.

Cilj raziskave je razviti metodologijo in pripadajočo prototipno programsko orodje za podporo pri načrtovanju in obratovanju lokalnih energetskih skupnosti. Metodologija bo temeljila na digitalnem dvojčku oziroma matematičnem modelu lokalne energetske skupnosti. Potreben bo tehno-ekonomski model, ki bo opisoval fizikalne spremenljivke (energijski pretoki, stanja v hranilnikih, izgube pretvorbe energije, obraba sistemov) in ekonomske spremenljivke (finančni tokovi med člani). Za uspešno delovanje energetskih skupnosti je poleg tehničnih parametrov potrebno načrtovati in upravljati finančne tokove, saj je to pogoj za motivacijo članov za sodelovanje v takih skupnostih. Vsak član mora namreč imeti jasno sliko o finančnih učinkih, k jih energetska skupnost prinaša. Celoten matematični model bo modularen in bo sestavljen iz modelov članov energetske skupnosti. Kot omenjeno, so člani energetskih skupnosti v osnovi zelo različni, lahko so proizvajalci električne energije, porabniki energije, kombinacije proizvajalcev in porabnikov, ponudniki storitev hranjenja energije ali pa ponudniki storitev fleksibilnosti pri proizvodnji in porabi električne energije. Uvedli bomo univerzalni model člana, ki bo vseboval niz parametrov, s katerimi bo mogoče opisati vse tipe članov energetske skupnosti. Ti parametri bodo za posameznega člana predvidoma naslednji:
•	nominalni letni in dnevni časovni profil, negotovost ter fleksibilnost proizvodnje električne energije,
•	nominalni letni in dnevni časovni profil, negotovost ter fleksibilnost porabe električne energije,
•	kapaciteta shranjevanja energije vključno z največjimi močmi in izkoristki pri polnjenju in praznjenju hranilnika,
Cilj raziskave je razviti metodologijo in pripadajočo prototipno programsko orodje za podporo pri načrtovanju in obratovanju lokalnih energetskih skupnosti. Metodologija bo temeljila na digitalnem dvojčku oziroma matematičnem modelu lokalne energetske skupnosti. Potreben bo tehno-ekonomski model, ki bo opisoval fizikalne spremenljivke (energijski pretoki, stanja v hranilnikih, izgube pretvorbe energije, obraba sistemov) in ekonomske spremenljivke (finančni tokovi med člani). Za uspešno delovanje energetskih skupnosti je poleg tehničnih parametrov potrebno načrtovati in upravljati finančne tokove, saj je to pogoj za motivacijo članov za sodelovanje v takih skupnostih. Vsak član mora namreč imeti jasno sliko o finančnih učinkih, k jih energetska skupnost prinaša. Celoten matematični model bo modularen in bo sestavljen iz modelov članov energetske skupnosti. Kot omenjeno, so člani energetskih skupnosti v osnovi zelo različni, lahko so proizvajalci električne energije, porabniki energije, kombinacije proizvajalcev in porabnikov, ponudniki storitev hranjenja energije ali pa ponudniki storitev fleksibilnosti pri proizvodnji in porabi električne energije. Uvedli bomo univerzalni model člana, ki bo vseboval niz parametrov, s katerimi bo mogoče opisati vse tipe članov energetske skupnosti. Ti parametri bodo za posameznega člana predvidoma naslednji:
•	nominalni letni in dnevni časovni profil, negotovost ter fleksibilnost proizvodnje električne energije,
•	nominalni letni in dnevni časovni profil, negotovost ter fleksibilnost porabe električne energije,
•	kapaciteta shranjevanja energije vključno z največjimi močmi in izkoristki pri polnjenju in praznjenju hranilnika,


The topic of the proposed project are Local Energy Communities (LEC), in particular, methods for their automated and digitized design and operation.
European Green Deal, legislative framework Clean energy for all Europeans, and National energy and climate plan of the Republic Slovenia (NEPN) guide us towards the reduction of energy consumption, the reduction of the consumption of fossil fuels and the transition to renewable energy sources. Renewable energy sources (photovoltaic, wind, hydropower) are an effective way to deal with increasing global energy consumption, climate change and air pollution. However, renewable sources depend upon the time of year and the weather and, as a result, cause additional challenges for electric power system operators in coordinating the electric energy production and consumption (balancing the electric power system). One of the ways to undertake this challenge is to introduce the local energy communities (LEC), the main goal of which is the permanent mutual coordination of production and consumption of electric energy within the LEC and the participation of the LEC in balancing the public electric power system and the market.
LECs support the use of green renewable energy sources, while digitization methods are needed for effective planning and automated operation of LECs. This positions the proposed project at the intersection of the green transition and digital transition.
Typical LEC consists of a number of members which can be consumers of electric energy (e.g., residential, commercial, industrial buildings), producers of electric energy (local renewable energy sources), combinations of consumers and producers (e.g. residential or commercial buildings with local renewable sources of electricity) and members with storage capacities that can store electric energy in batteries or storages based on hydrogen technologies, but can also be in the form of heat (e.g. buildings with heat pumps and heat storage tanks) or in the form of cold (e.g. shopping centres with large-scale refrigerators).

LECs have two key functions:
1. To provide affordable, cost-effective and reliable mutual supply of electric energy to members,
and
2. to contribute to the balancing of the entire public electrical power system and market. This is done
by consuming electric energy from the public electric power system during periods of electric
energy surpluses and lower prices, and supplying the electric energy to the public power system
during periods of energy shortages and consequently higher prices. This can be implemented via
existing market mechanisms (intra-day market and one-day-ahead market), or via ancillary
services of the public electric grid and by the new mechanisms that may be developed specifically
for the integration of LECs with the electric power system and the market in the future.
The interest in participating in the LEC stems from the need for an economically advantageous and
stable supply of electric energy, or from the desire to sell the renewable electric energy or to sell
services such as energy storage and flexibility in the consumption or supply. For instance, heating
systems, cooling systems and charging of electric vehicles can in general be flexible in consumption to
some extent (their consumption can be temporarily reduced or shifted in time, depending on
particular case).
LECs operate on the principle of mutual exchange of electric energy between members according to
the predetermined rules. The basic principle is that current surpluses of energy-producing members
are used to cover the needs of members who are currently facing the lack of electric energy. For the
optimal effect of LECs, two key conditions must be met:
1. The LEC must have an appropriate composition and it must contain a set of mutually
complementary members, among which real-time balancing of electric energy production and
consumption is possible. The LEC composition must be selected already in the design phase. If the
composition of LEC is inadequate, then effective operation and balancing of energy production
and consumption is not optimal or even impossible.
2. During its operation, LEC must be constantly managed by an automated control and coordination
system. Typically, these are central control systems, the goal of control is to establish energy flows
between members in such a way that each member is guaranteed a stable and economically
advantageous supply of electric energy and that the production and consumption of electric
energy within the LEC is always balanced. The control system must therefore ensure effective
coordination of energy and financial flows between LEC members considering the adopted
revenue sharing and collective investments rules.
This brings us to the main goal of the project, which is the development of methods for automated
LEC design and automated LEC operation. In case of a number of diverse LEC members, design and
operation become complex tasks, which cannot be solved by simple calculations of energy balances
and financial flows. The challenge arises from diverse and partly unpredictable time profiles of electric
energy production and consumption of particular LEC members. In addition, LEC members usually
exchange energy over the public electric grid and this is charged by the grid operator considering the
dynamic transmission prices. All these conditions lead to a dynamic optimization problem.

The main goal of the proposed research is to develop a methodology and associated prototype
software tool to support the automated LEC design and automated LEC operation demonstrated in
simulation environment. The solutions of both problems will be based on a simulation and automated
multi-criteria optimization.
To perform LEC simulation and optimization, mathematical models are needed. Two models are
needed: 1. model of the LEC and its members, and 2. model of the public electric power system and
market. Techno-economic models are needed, which describe physical variables (energy flows, energy
balances in storages, energy conversion losses, degradation of systems) and also economic variables
(financial flows, i.e. incomes, costs). For the successful operation of LEC, it is necessary to plan and
manage financial flows, as this is a condition for motivating members to participate in LECs. Each
member must have a clear picture of the financial effects of participating in LEC. Therefore the rules
for revenue sharing and collective investments must be defined.
LEC model will be modular and will consist of models of LEC members. As mentioned, the LEC
members differ from each other, so a generalised model of LEC member will be developed, which will
include all possible functions: energy generation, energy consumption (flexible and nonflexible), and
energy storage (batteries, hydrogen or heat). By proper configuration and parametrization of the
generalised model it will be possible to describe all types of LEC members. The general LEC member
model will contain dynamic models of local electric energy production and consumption, energy
storage models and models that describe the flexibility of consumption, e.g. in the form of the
tolerance as a function of time. A dynamic model of electric energy production from e.g. local
photovoltaic power plants will consider size, location, orientation and efficiency of the power plant
and historical data on solar radiation throughout the year. The electric energy consumption model will
consider historical consumption data of the specific member, including the type of day (weekday,
weekend, holiday) and the flexibility of its consumption. The battery storage model will consider
energy storage capacity, maximum power and efficiency during charging and discharging. The dynamic
model of the hydrogen-based energy storage will contain models of the electrolyser, hydrogen
compressor, hydrogen pressure storage tank, and fuel cell. It will consider the minimum and maximum
power and efficiencies of the electrolyser and fuel cell and their dynamic limitations. The thermal
capacity models will be estimated based on area of heated buildings or volume of cooled goods in
case of large stores, respectively, given the eligible temperature bounds.
The economic part of LEC model will predict revenues and costs of LEC members based on operation
and LEC financial rules. Revenues are generally generated from the sale of electric energy and sale of
load flexibility. The costs arise from the payment for the purchased electric energy and from the
investment and operating costs of the member's own technological equipment (local power plant and
energy storage). The economic model will also consider costs that arise from equipment degradation
(reducing remaining service life), which is a consequence of ageing and intensity of operation (total
operation time, load factor, number of on/ff cycles, power ramping up and down, etc.).
Electric power system and market model will simulate the operation of a public electric power system
by generating time profiles of electric energy surpluses and deficits and corresponding dynamics
energy prices. It will simulate mechanisms such as balancing market, intra-day market, one-day-ahead
market and ancillary services (in particular secondary control). The model will be implemented on the
basis of historical data modified with random components, considering the principles introduced in
the ongoing project ARIS-L2-4456. Since energy is being exchanged between LEC members through
different segments of the public distribution grid and possibly also through the transmission grid (in
case if LEC members are in different distribution areas), it will be necessary to develop and implement
energy transmission cost model that will describe the transmission cost as a function of the amount
of energy transferred, power, time of day and season. This is in line with the concept of the dynamic
electric grid fees, which are currently being introduced in Slovenia.
The overall model will enable the simulation of LEC within an arbitrary time period. A typical simulation
period is one year, which covers all seasons and most of weather conditions that significantly affect
the operation of LECs. The simulation will estimate the time profiles of the following variables:
• produced and consumed electric power of each member,
• income of particular member from the supply of electric energy to other members or the public
electric power system and market,
• cost of particular member from purchased energy and own system costs (capital and operating
expenditures of the local power plant and storage tank, if they exist),
• wear and degradation of the member's system (degradation and remaining life of the local power
plant and storage facilities, if they exist), 
• costs of electric energy transmission between members due to using the public grid (grid fee),
• the state of charge of possible energy storage and storage losses.
Modelling will be followed by the development of automated LEC design and LEC operation methods.
LEC design (i.e. selection of members and optimal sizing their technological equipment) is a complex
problem that has many degrees of freedom (sizes of local renewable resources, capacities and types
of storage tanks, utilization of available consumption flexibility, etc.) and many possible criteria
functions (price of electric energy supply, energy transmission costs between members, equipment
investment costs, CO2 reduction and many others). Therefore, it is generally not possible to effectively
solve the design problem analytically. To solve the problem, different methods from the field of multicriteria
stochastic optimization (genetic algorithms, particle swarm methods, etc. [1]) will be used
and compared. For LEC design it is necessary to consider the year-round operation of the LEC, since
the production, consumption and prices of electric energy strongly depend on the time of year and
also time in day.
LEC control (i.e. real-time management of energy and financial flows) is also a complex problem.
Energy exchange between members within the LEC and between the LEC and the public electric power
system and market must be continuously managed, by exploiting the available flexibility of
consumption of individual members, available storage capacities for storing surpluses and covering
deficits of electric energy. To do this efficiently, it is necessary to consider the forecasts of electric
energy production by local renewable sources, energy consumption, the state-of-charge of energy
storages, the dynamic prices of electric energy supply and transmission. The control algorithm will be
a combination of predetermined rules or decision paths and dynamic optimization techniques. In a
resulting hybrid system, the predetermined decision structure will ensure adherence to critical rules,
while optimization will dynamically adjust the control actions to improve performance. Different
criteria functions and their combinations are possible: resulting price of electric energy supply, share
of green electric energy, and similar. In this case, too, an analytical solution is not possible, so different
methods of multi-criteria stochastic optimization or predictive control will have to be used, but the
time range of the optimization is shorter than in case of planning. It can typically be one or more days
ahead, implemented as a sliding horizon. There can also be long-term planning (a period of one year),
which comes into play if the LEC has seasonal energy storage capacities to store surplus energy from
the summer period for the winter period.








Osnovni podatki sofinanciranja so dostopni na spletni strani [[https://cris.cobiss.net/ecris/si/sl/project/24428]].

=== Faze projekta in opis njihove realizacije ===

WP1: Vodenje projekta: 10%<<BR>>
WP2: Analiza zahtev in specifikacije: 50%<<BR>>
WP3: Razvoj digitalnih dvojčkov: 100%<<BR>>
WP4: Razvoj algoritmov za načrtovanje in obratovanje LES: 100%<<BR>>
WP5: Promocija in razširjanje rezultatov: 100%<<BR>>

WP1: Project coordination: 10%<<BR>>
WP2: Analysis of the requirements and specification: 50%<<BR>>
WP3: Development of digital twins: 0%<<BR>>
WP4: LEC design and control algorithms: 0%<<BR>>
WP5: Promotion and dissemination of the results: 0%<<BR>>

=== Bibliografske reference ===
 * [[http://www.sicris.si/public/jqm/cris.aspx?lang=slv&opdescr=home&opt=1|Reference - SICRIS]]
 * [[https://www.ijs.si/ijsw/ARRSProjekti/2020/ime%20projekta_123#nowhere|Referenca 1]]
 * [[https://www.ijs.si/ijsw/ARRSProjekti/2020/ime%20projekta_123#nowhere|Referenca 2]]
 * [[https://www.ijs.si/ijsw/ARRSProjekti/2020/ime%20projekta_123#nowhere|Referenca - Revija]]

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[[https://www.ijs.si/ijsw/ARRSProjekti/2026|Nazaj na seznam za leto 2026]]